The Door

A affirmative offspring takes initiative. In his poem, The Door, Miroslav Holub commends us to founder change by symbolically col the entry. Recognising the importance of change Holub repeats his command some(prenominal) times in the poem, Go and airfoil the door. To inspire us to contain change he lists possibilities you can generate on the other side of the door. antic city is purely imagination. Holub is persisting us to be in a positive mental state once we drill change. In his poem, The Door, Miroslav Holub encourages you to seek and agreeable any kind of change in your life.By initiating change, you encounter different obstacles and even if it is serious small Holub believes it go forth still grow your life. flush if it is barely anything such as hollow hint, the intention of devising a change leave behind ca-ca a difference. No matter what, Miroslav Holub motivates us to take the chance. There will whitethornhap be a The Door gives you authority that bey ond the obstacle you face in that location will be better outcomes as long as you allow yourself to give and think positively. If there is a fog, It will draw up. Once the fog clears up Miroslav Holub inspires us by listing possibilities that may be waiting for on the other side of the door. a tree, or a wood, A garden, Or a caper city A magic city is imaginative. Holub motivates us to Go out-of-doors the door. He commands us to Go bold the door because he believes the change in our life will benefit us. Even if there is just hollow wind, it will still benefit us. He reassures us that the fog will clear up and the darkness will pound by and positive change will be be waiting on the other side of the door for you, as long as you allow yourself to open the door.

'Improvements in Public Health\r'

'Between 1840 and 1900 life story conditions in towns improved. How did the mastermind of g bothplacenment, topical anesthetic councils and individual(a)s bring this more or less? In this essay I forget discuss the conditions in towns between 1840 and 1900 and the improvements in creation wellness since 1840. While doing this I will link reasons together to f on the whole upon my final conclusion. I will embark on with an explanation of living conditions in towns and cities in the early 19th ampere-second. Living in the early 19th Century was re e precise last(predicate)y tough for most heap. At least 80% were make believeing categorise.\r\nHouses where abject and over crowded allowing un fixthinesss to circularize easily. The air was polluted, miserable and purlieu unhealthy because the population did non know ab off the causes and consequences of pollution. For example, coal combustion from houses and nonethelesstories was polluting the environment, tho it was the main source of fuel. The environment was non just damaged by coal burning and the resulting sulphur dioxide and blow dioxide, it was as well unbearable because of the awe more or less impression and insanitary living conditions.\r\nThe smell was caused by the lack of sewerage system, man toilets (as however rich mess could leave a toilet in the house), mirky irrigate; unhygienic disposal of louse up and the f perform that killing methods were inadequate †no steady-going products. The filth was particularly bad in the Soho soil of capital of the United Kingdom. In the late summer of 1854 on that point was a sudden eructation of epidemic epidemic cholera. Dr thaumaturgy Snow quoted that it was â€Å"the most terrible eruption of cholera which ever occurred in the kingdom. ” Over the first 3 age of September 127 people died that get it ond on or near Broad bridle-path.\r\nIn some parts of the metropolis the mortality straddle was just 12. 8%. Nobody knew were it came from. The metropolis stunk of human waste and the river Thames was a sewer. As the metropolis grew the waste was increasing. When there was heavy(a) rain the basements were flooded. This meant that people living in the basement and the rest of the house were in contact with raw sewerage and this would also attract complaint and vermin and spread infections. Everyone wanted a clean refreshed city where they could breathe clean air, jollify and wash in clean pee and live and keep their belongings in clean houses.\r\nI believe that peoples ignorance to the effectuate of their actions and the fact that they had no alternatives had a gigantic impact on the living conditions in the early 19th hundred. This is because many people were so poor and uneducated; they had no choice but to live in these conditions. This was particularly relevant in London and main industrialised towns and cities where people locomote from the country because many were los ing their jobs. This was because the invention of machinery on bailiwick and therefore forced people to evacuate to bigger cities with more work needed.\r\nIn the country they may solitary(prenominal) have been able to get seasonal work in the fields and they dreamt of a better life in the city where there was more regular work available in the factories. They needed to live in the bigger towns to have the probability to earn money in factories and workhouses. As London was chop-chop growing, the health conditions got worse. Streets were modify with rubbish and dead animal(prenominal)s and never cleaned. Street antiseptics only clean roadstead with people living there who could afford to pay their wages.\r\nThe fact that there was humble man run for example there was no national health go and you had to pay for the health services, there was no clean running piss, poor coordinate houses full of people, filth and germs round every corner and the fact that the homeless c hildren and even some adults, as seen in the vignette bellow, where rolling around in the waste on the streets. The picture is a sketch drawn at a meter when the government believed that looking after the poor, the venerable and the sick was the job of individuals and their families.\r\nThey also believed in individualism and self help accept that if the government did too much for people they would become weak and dependent. This was named laissez faire. This is French for do little or nothing. It was there barter to make jurisprudences and deal with wars, but not to ‘babysit the community. At the end of the 19th century, the city life was improving little by little. New laws, such as the 1875 Artisans fireside Act, meant that better housing was being built. It was an act of the parliament numbered by Richard Cross, station Secretary.\r\nThe Act made the owners give their slums to the council so they could demolish the areas of slum housing to be redeveloped by comm ercial builders with low interest. The Artisans ingleside Act of 1885 was considered one of most momentous acts of the Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraelis presidency. The improvements to public heathland brought real benefits. By this time cities had facilities to jar against all kinds of interests, from dance halls to chapel services. People coup lead together in a great range of clubs and societies. There were nearly 700,000 allotments by 1881.\r\nAllotment holders held competitions for flowers and vegetables. Enthusiasts, usually men, took time to cark over breeding birds such as pigeons or scum bagaries. Choirs were very ordinary, usually as part of church or chapel life. Many played in governance bands, often sponsored by a factory-owner. By the end of the century, cycling had become a popular hobby with both sexes. Thousands began to pass by their Saturday watching sport. Various kinds of football had been popular for centuries. They were crude rough games, with few ru les. at once people lived in clean houses and apartments.\r\nIn Birmingham Joseph Chamberlain made calls for slum head, improved housing, municipalisation of public utilities and higher taxes for the rich. He was choose as mayor of Birmingham in 1876. The middle divide of Birmingham adored chamberlain. They all voted for what he fought for. He soon became Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstones lieutenant in the House of Commons and later in 1882 was appointed president of the come on of Trade in Gladstones second ministry. The municipal Corporations Act of 1835 was an act of Parliament that rehabilitated local anesthetic government. It split the country into districts.\r\nEach district was responsible for running local services such as housing and education. They had commissioners to be in charge of each local council. The royal commission had eighteen members, deuce members for each district. A new law was made so middle class people were aloud to participate in the local co uncil. They had annual elections each year, were a third of the council members up for election. They also elected aldermen to be part of the council with a sixsome year term. Towns were divided into smaller areas were they had a local person to represent them on the local council.\r\nAs previously highlighted in the early 19th century overcrowding, poverty, dirty environment and insanitary housing lead to complaint. In 1843 Edwin Chadwick argued that poverty was caused by disease and that by curing diseases poverty would be reduced. Joseph Bazelgette who designed the sewage system, made real that the flow of foul irrigate and belowground rivers was diverted along new sewers and taken the sewage treatment works and because pumped into Tidal Thames where it would be carried out to sea rather than stay in the previous â€Å"open sewer” of the Thames.\r\nHis design was so good it has stood up to increases in volume of raw sewage. In 1848 the cholera epidemic spurred the g overnment into action through public health measures followed by health measures for individuals. Many people thought cholera was air bourn but backside Snow thought it entered the body through the mouth. He investigated a cholera outbreak in 1854 and carefully plotted all cases on a map of Soho where the outbreak occurred. He managed to identify a water pump as the source of the disease. When he removed the handle the causes of cholera instantly declined.\r\nIt took another six years out front this theory was more widely accepted. John Snow also made phylogeny in anaesthetics and made them safer and more in force(p) for use on humans. Public health measures included: †The public health of 1888 gave all towns the right to employ a public health officer. †In 1853 public vaccinations against small pox were made compulsory. †In 1854 define by Florence Nightingale and other campaigners, hospital hygiene was improved and hospitals became much cleaner places, helpi ng to prevent the spread of disease.\r\nThe 1875 Public Health Act required the clearance off slums, the installation of sewers, clean water supplies and better environment to live in. This was very successful as public health improved and local councils competed to be the scoop up public health provider. This lead to the individual health measures introduced in the early twentieth century e. g. free school meals in 1906, medical examinations for all children in 1907. hoary age pensions introduced and in 1911 National insurance (free medical treatment for workers. During the 19th century knowledge close to the ways bodies work increased. William Beaumont (1822) studied the digestive system. Theodor Schwann (1858) realised that animal tissues were made of cells. Henry Gray (1858) wrote Grays pattern and people started to have a wide of the mark knowledge of how their bodies worked. Louis Pasteur discussed that germs can cause disease rather thats the previous theory of natural generation where diseases cause germs. This also led to the pasteurisation of milk.\r\nRobert Kock studied bacteria hike and identified bacteria specific to the diseases septicaemia, TB and cholera and others discovered the bacteria that caused typhoid pneumonia and the plague. Patrick Manson 1879 discovered that diseases could be spread by vectors such as flies. Charles Chamberlain (1884) discovered viruses. thereof understanding of disease was improving rapidly and there were some inventions that helped the treatment of disease also, e. g. multi lens microscope (Lister 1826) kymograph to measure twinkling (1847 Ludwig) and x-rays (Roentgen 1895).\r\nAt the beginning of the 19th century doctors would only provide comfort but by the end they could treat diseases and heal some patients with surgery. I believe the living conditions between 1840 and 1900 did improve. The government and local councils brought this about by clearing slums and areas of bad, dirty housing, bread and butter improvements in biology knowledge cleaning up sewers and improving local government, supporting(a) people to help themselves and no longitudinal accepting poverty as something that can not be dealt with.\r\n'

'All the Pretty Horses novel Essay\r'

'The main character, backside Grady gelt, faces plenty of hardships through with(predicate)out his transit from his home in Texas to Mexico. On the other hand, McCarthy writes this award-winning support in a positive way, demonstrating the respite between optimism and pessimism in our world. He shows how commode Grady wampum has matured and grown substantially because of this negativeness he faces. The reader can clearly see the negativity not only in the first summon of the novel, but also in the first paragraph.\r\nMcCarthy begins the carry with, â€Å"… he looked at the face so caved and move among the folds of funeral cloth, the yellowed moustache, the eyelids paper thin. That was not sleeping…” (3). The funeral expound in the first page is potty Grady’s grandpa’s funeral. Starting a book off in this way (with a drained body) obviously points the reader towards the opinion that this book is a long, dreadful ride with much death and destruction. The anatomy of the coffin, the yellowing moustache, and the deceased person clearly shows the negativity that fills this book.\r\n passim the book, John Grady wampum faces many challenges and much blow and learns to brood with it. After leaving their home in Texas, John Grady and his best friend Rawlins travel hundreds of miles thickheaded into the heart of Mexico on horseback until they reach a ranch offering work called La Purisima. some(prenominal) of these boys are skilled at working with horses and glide by most of their time at the ranch taming and pickings care of the many horses there. While working at La Purisima, John meets the ranch owner’s daughter, a beautiful girl named Alejandra, and falls in love.\r\nAlejandra’s father absolutely does not assess this; in fact, he orders for John Grady and Rawlins to be arrested because of John’s interactions with Alejandra. The hardships that these boys face are relentless, however, John Grad y refuses to string up his head and give up. On their way to the jail, John Grady says to Rawlins, â€Å"I can’t back up and start over. But I don’t see the point in slobberin over it” (155). At this point, McCarthy reveals how John Grady has matured and has in condition(p) to live with the sorrows he faces.\r\nWith this new found maturity, and as John Grady Cole overcomes this terrible journey of negativity, he has learned to live with the pessimism and has found out how the negatives go side by side with the positives. Nearing the end of the book John Grady Cole realizes that â€Å"the world’s pain and its beauty travel in a relationship of diverging candor” (282). John Grady has learned the skill of searching for the luminance in a dark room, constantly refusing to experience on the negative aspects of his many horrible situations.\r\nHe has a new wisdom of the world and has learned how it works. In conclusion, McCarthy writes All The Prett y Horses with much negativity and at the same time he delivers a lesson of how positivity is hidden in every situation, journey, and life. McCarthy demonstrates how John Grady Cole learns maturity the hard way: through hardships, sorrow and death. This book leaves the reader with a crosscurrent in their eye and a smile on their face, for they know that sorrow is sitting on the door of happiness.\r\n'

'Pest Analysis\r'

'PEST analysis: Political: Australia is a type of democratic country and it is stable politically. The characteristics of Australian government such as transparency and having depressed level of corruption, and being transnationally competitiveness helps Australia to grant the lowest rank of political dissymmetry in Asia-Pacific and it standing on bottom fourth authority in the world in political instability (Australian government 2009). Therefore this factor is an advantage and an chance for the companies that operate within Australia and for the people who invest in these kinds of companies. Economic:Australia has one of the most stable economies in the world. According to Economist magazine Australia’s gross domestic product in 2012 was about 1. 5 trillion USD and it becomes the twelfth country in the world. During the last global monetary crisis in 2007 most of the countries such as US, and European countries were suffering and their economic factors such as GDP, p lease rate, growth, inflation went downwards and were in recession, but Australian government could control the situation by implementing strategies that helped down in the mouth businesses and individuals and kept the economy stable (Economist magazine 2013).So the Australian government made an opportunity out of the monetary crisis which was a threat for the whole economy and without delay is one of the best countries for investment with a real low risk. Social: According to Australian confidence of Statistics census in 2011 there was 3. 5 one million million student in this country both international and domestics (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013). So these students are the customer flooring for Mynetfone at the moment as residential customers and they potbelly be the potential business users in nigh future.As Australia has a good rate of economy growth, to a greater extent businesses wanted to operate in this country and as a result they will need much services fo r their business such as internet, sound etc. Technological: Mynetfone owned Symbio network in 2009 which has the largest VoIP network providing wholesale carrier service to Australian industry in Australia that using number porting, grease ones palms based hosted PBX service, call termination, call origination and some(prenominal) other infrastructure enable services. The Symbio work in wholesale and Mynetfone work on retail sections (Mynetfone 2013).\r\n'

'Benny, the War in Europe, and Myerson’s Daughter Bella Essay\r'

'When benni was direct afield in the autumn of 1941 his father, Mr. Garber, vista that if he had to cede up one son to the army, it might as well be sesame who was a relieve boy, and who wouldn’t push where he shouldn’t; and Mrs. Garber thought: â€Å"my benny, he’ll take care, he’ll watch prohibited;” and Benny’s sidekick Abe thought â€Å"when he comes back, I’ll have a garage of my own, you bet, and I’ll be able to give him a job.” Benny wrote every week, and every week the Garbers sent him parcels replete(p) of good things that a Jewish boy should forever and a day have, like salami and pickled herring and shtrudel. The food parcels were of solely in all time the same, and the letters †coming from Camp Borden and Aldershot and Normandy and Hol­ land †were everlastingly the same too. They began †â€Å"I hope you are all well and good” †and terminationed †â€Å"don†™t worry, all the best to everybody, thank you for the parcel.” When Benny came blank space from the war in atomic number 63, the Gar­bers didn’t devise much of a fuss. They met him at the station, of course, and they had a sensitive dinner for him. Abe was thrilled to see Benny again. â€Å"Atta boy,” was what he kept saying all evening, â€Å"Atta boy, Benny.” â€Å"You shouldn’t go back to the factory,” Mr. Garber said. â€Å"You don’t need the obsolete job. You can be a help to your brother Abe in his garage.” â€Å"Yes,” Benny said.\r\nâ€Å"Let him be, let him rest,” Mrs. Garber said, â€Å"What’ll glide by­ pen if he doesn’t work for two weeks?” â€Å"Hey, when Artie Segal came back,” Abe said, â€Å"he said that in Italy there was nought that guy couldn’t get for a correspond of Sweet Caps. Was he shooting me the bull, or what?” Benny had been discha rged and sent home, not because the war was over, barely because of the shrapnel in his leg, but he didn’t walk too badly and he didn’t confabulation ab pop out his wound or the war, so at prototypicalborn nobody noticed that he had changed. No­ body, that is, except Myerson’s daughter Bella.\r\nMyerson was the proprietor of push down’s Cigar & Soda, on Laurier Street, and any day of the week, you could find him there seated on a worn, peeling kitchen c vibrissa playing poker with the work force of the neighbourhood. He had a glass-eye and when a player hesitated on a bet, he would take it out and polish up it, a gesture that never failed to intimidate. His daugh­ ter, Bella, worked behind the counter. She had a club-foot and mousy hair and some more hair on her face, and although she was only twenty-six, it was generally supposed that she would end up an old maid. Anyway she was the one †the first one †who noticed that the war in Europe had changed Benny. And, as a matter of fact, the very first time he came into the store after his reappearance she said to him: â€Å"What’s wrong, Benny’? Are you apprehensive?” â€Å"I’m all right,” he said.\r\nBenny was a quiet boy. He was short and scrawny with a long narrow face, a spongelike mouth that was somewhat crooked, and soft black eyes. He had big, conspicuous hands, Thich he preferred to keep out of sight in his pockets. In fact, he seemed to privation to keep out of sight altogether and whenever possible, he stood behind a chair or in a light so that people wouldn’t notice him †and, noticing chase him away. When he had failed the ninth dictate at Baron Byng High School, his class-master, a Mr. Perkins, had sent him home with a note saying: â€Å" asa dulcis is not a student, but he has all the makings of a good citizen. He is honest and at­ tentive in class and a hard worker. I recommend that he learn a trade.”\r\n'

'Earth’s hydrologic cycle Essay\r'

'The chemical quality of hurry in the earth’s hydrologic cycle is classically altered upon contact with the forest canopy. These chemical changes be traceable to natural biological military operationes and from polluted notesheds which affects rashness chemistry. What happens to the piddle supply when it reaches solid earth shall be viewed by the chemical changes that occur on the different stages of the hydrologic cycle. basis’s hydrologic cycle\r\nHydrologic cycle is the process where water moves from and to the earth through the automated teller machine over snip and space scales powered mainly by the solar energy and gravity. Solar energy drives the e e drying upationation process effectively transforming water from molten to gas which results to taint formation through fertilization (Davie & Davie 2002). The story of equilibrium then is the maximum point of color in any mixed atmosphere of vapor and air. When the air cools below the dew point, c ondensation of water vapor begins.\r\nThe air at higher altitude is slight dense producing lesser heat and lesser air pressure giving out cooler air. condensate is the process through which water vapor changes to its liquid state again in the form of dew, poop or fog. Precipitation occurs when clouds can no hourlong hold the heavy water vapor and it fall back to the earth in the form rainwater or snow and other forms. The distribution of recklessness on earth depends on the patterns of rising and fall air currents. Precipitation fills oceans, river, vegetation, land and other surfaces.\r\n character of the water reaching the prove surface is highly dependent on turbulent transport from the atmosphere to the canopy on its composition, structure and properties. Rainwater picks up dust particles, plant seeds, bacteria, dissolved gases and ionizing radiation as it falls. It overly accumulates with chemical substances like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia u pon hitting the ground. Aerosols, pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and industrial wastes which were introduced into the ground also mix with the infiltrating ground water.\r\nIf precipitation continues, complete saturation of the soil zone occurs. This allows the water to continue to hang until it merges into a zone of dense rock. Density is presently proportional on its ability to allow discernment of water. Around these rocks are unsaturated and permeable materials called gravel, shale or sand. The boundary between the unsaturated and the water pusher rocks is defined as the water tabularize. Water table could be hundreds of meters below the water surface where sometimes water rises without pumping in the form of springs.\r\nDrilling an artesian substantially will cause the water to bang to the surface until the pressure is equalized. Pumping may be needful to lift water to the surface. Ground water is largest outset of fresh water but is very vexed to track. Ground wa ter comfortably is good if the aquifer water level that supplies it stays the same. Cone of depression occurs when ground water is pumped from an aquifer through a well lowering its water level (Strobel n. d. ). A incline then occurs producing a flow from the surrounding aquifer into the well decreasing water levels around the well.\r\nThis results in a conical shaped depression that seems to radiate out-of-door from the well continuously expanding in a radiate fashion until a point of equilibrium occurs. This plays an important role when planning well placements and deciding pumping pass judgment including distances between wells. References Davie, T. & Davie, T. (2002). Fundamentals of hydrology. New York, NY: Routledge. Strobel, M. (n. d. ). permit’s talk water †cone of depression. Retrieved April 28, 2008 Website: http://nevada. usgs. gov/barcass/articles/Ely27. pdf\r\n'

'Race, Ethnicity, & Prejudice\r'

'Race, Ethnicity, and Prejudice-Online Project At one layer in time the U. S. Census defined individual as a â€Å"negro” if they were one- 16th black. That is, if one of your sixteen great-great grandpargonnts was of African seam (and the other fifteen were of â€Å" washrag” European descent), you were defined as â€Å"negro”. In Jamaica, muckle believed to be of â€Å"pure” African descent argon described as black. People who argon bi-racial are usually described as â€Å" diagonal”. In Brazil, thither are even to a greater extent differentiations of those believed to be of African descent.The point of all this is that our definitions are culture-bound and socially constructed. They are, on that pointfore, not particularly scientific and exchange over time. This does not mean that aftermath and culturality oblige no real meaning. They have meaning because we pull in them meaning. 1. What method do numerate enumerators use to break st ack according to race? A number enumerator is a person who collects count data. onward 1960, census enumerators were themselves responsible for classifying hatful according to race. However, in 1960 there was a switch to self-reporting.From this point on, individuals were in control of classifying themselves. It was no longer the census enumerators who classified individuals, but individuals who classified themselves. Census enumerators would just compose the results. 2. Which categories of ethnicity are used by the census power? The categories of ethnicity and race used by the census authorization have undergone numerous changes over the years. At first, from 1790 to 1880, the census recorded only if â€Å"color. ” During this time period it was a person’s skin color that was of splendour and there were three categories: White, Black, and Mulatto.The categories expanded in 1890 and consisted of fivesome gradations: Black, Mulatto, Quadroon, Octoroon, and Wh ite. It was in 1900 that the word â€Å"race” actually appeared in the census. The question now asked for each person’s â€Å"color or race. ” At this time the census used only two categories: White and Black. It wasn’t until 1950 that the word â€Å"color” was completely dropped and the census only asked for the person’s race. In 1960 people were capable to classify themselves. Shortly following the census added the division â€Å"other. In 1977 there were four racial categories naturalised: American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asiatic or Pacific islander, Black, and White. Plus there was the â€Å"former(a)” fellowship. Also, the census added two ethnicity categories: Hispanic origin and not of Hispanic origin. 3. How have categories changed for the 2000 Census? Since 1977, the racial and ethnic makeup of the country changed significantly. There were no questions as to whether the previous standards still reflected the transmut ation that was present in the United States. So, with that, the categories for the 2000 census were revised.The categories now consisted of: American Indian or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; and White. The category of â€Å" close to Other Race” is also included. In regards to ethnicity, there are two categories: Hispanic or Latino, and non Hispanic or Latino. Aside from changes in the categories, another(prenominal) significant change for the 2000 census is that respondents are allowed to checker off multiple â€Å"race” boxes. 4. What problems do you feel with the Census definitions? The diversity in our society is increasing.Putting people in categories is becoming more problematic because the categories are arbitrary; none of the groups have clear or unambiguous boundaries. Classifying people into a certain category is restrictive and doesn’t take into account that â€Å"people classified as â €Å"Asian and Pacific Islander” represent scores of different national and lingual backgrounds, and â€Å"American Indian or Alaska Native” includes people from hundreds of different tribal groups” (Healey 13). The census definitions are really limiting and they don’t do diversity justice. Also, there is still no place for a number of groups among the categories listed. For example, where should we place Arab Americans and recent immigrants from Africa? ” (Healey 13). I learn that it is unrealistic to have a category for both single group, but we should realize that the definitions used by the census, the classification schemes, have limited utility and application. In addition, there is a growing number of mixed-race individuals for whom there are no categories. Although currently that number is comparatively small, it is projected to increase rapidly due to a growing number of marriages across group lines.How should those individuals be classif ied? Sources: Healey, Joseph F. (2010). Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change. (5th Ed. ). pine away Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. Sweet, Frank W. (2011, Feb. 25). A Brief History of Census â€Å"Race”. Retrieved from http://knol. google. com/k/a-brief-history-of-census-race U. S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Racial and Ethnic Classifications utilise in Census 2000 and Beyond. Retrieved from http://www. census. gov/population/www/socdemo/race/racefactcb. html\r\n'

'Making a killing\r'

'In an unfortunate pillow slip Blackwater guards killed three civilians of Baghdad who were mistaken as terrorists. What is in the scenario is the strong reaction of the new Iraki government. The contiguous 24 hours saw the process of deportment of the troop. It was inform that there was indiscriminate shooting and this is realisedly an abysmal error. According to Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki this was a complete criminal act. However there be legion(predicate) in allegations against Blackwater and it is desired that they smuggle arms into Iraq. There is enough disarray in the region and it back well be stated that further problems can be avoided to reanimate peace in the region. (Scahill, 1)\r\nIt can be remembered that from each one of the wars accommodated major and minor battles.  They had varying and trenchant reasons behind them.  Allies and foes were distinctly different in each case. Each of the wars had a level of analysis.  These levels were aboutbo dy state, and system.  The levels of war analysis form a power structure.  The responsibilities of the hierarchy rely on the scale and temperament of the operation.\r\nThe various(prenominal) level of analysis in war includes a basic idea of how man traits ca use of goods and services many a(prenominal) of the social essences in historical instances, including war and peace. From the sentiment of sociology it can be stated that there atomic number 18 variations of this idea as listed in a reputation written by Wade L. Huntley, Ph.D. titled Causes of war and Paths to Peace written in May of 2004.\r\nThose variations include: basic human nature, varying features of human nature and both perception and misperception. His forecastations behind this would include that in factoring basic human nature, people ar basically aggressive, loving, greedy and fearful and so forth. people would be of all sorts of typewrites, some aggressive, some others peaceful, greedy or gene rous. Perception and misperception can result as high-risk decisions are made, especially in times of stress, which continually exemplifies the limits of human understanding of more than just human nature.\r\nThe incident in Iraq, as depicted by Scahill is basically a view that was conducted from the US bode of view the views or the sociological parameters of the residents of Iraq are basically overlooked in the article. (King, 145-7)\r\nIt can well be stated that some analysts argue that democracy in the Middle East provide elevate Islamists, including radicals, who will use parliamentary institutions to gain power exclusively then implement their autocratic agenda. Democracy can also lead to instability. In short, things may find out worse before they get better, which may be bad news for the US. Many however believe that in the long run increased democratic governance or the break up of atmospherics autocracies will lead to a better outcome than the status quo even if th e emerging governments initially countervail U.S. policies.\r\nSome furthermore argue that any type of somewhat democratic government would find more common ground with the U.S. than the existing ones even if balancing was gradual and difficult. But from the point of view of an Iraqi it can be stated that independence is all that is relevant and it can be mentioned that Scahill was unable to link himself to this consequence.\r\nTraditional earnest policy emphasizes military instrument for reducing the risks of war and for prevailing if deterrence fails. homophile security’s proponents, speckle not eschewing the use of force, scram focused to a much greater degree on non-coercive approaches. These range from preventive diplomacy, impinge management and postâ€conflict peace building, to addressing the lineage causes of conflict by building state potentiality and promoting equitable economic development.  The new dimensions of human security are well outlined by the fall in Nations information Program in their Human Development Report of 1994. (Lamb, 288-9)\r\nHuman Security has always been at issue in some format or another. You see it in the methods employed during peacetime and during war time. The methodological analysis utilized might in fact be different from generation to generation, but the concept itself has just now managed to evolve into something other than what its basics stem from. The pursuits of lifetime and liberty, happiness and peace have been a set forth of the psyche of humanity since the beginnings of human existence and it would have been much better if the article had developed on these principals.\r\nKeeping in mind the developments in Iraq the only when resoluteness the USA is left with is one that just about people connected to the White House consider absolute anathema. But the truth remains that a military ‘solution’ to the issue is no solution at all but rather a spiralling tunnel leading to a thousand other issues, all of which are far too mordacious to be contemplated. So what can USA do?\r\nWell, for starters it can seriously rethink some of its modern policies and shift its focus from military attack to some old fashioned diplomacy instead. But while that sounds simple enough for Washington it is a business organization unparalleled in its difficulty and, if present indications are anything to go by then, something that is hardly likely to travel by and Scahill as a journalist must bound his position as humane and compassionate as possible in this context.\r\nWorks Cited:\r\nScahill, Jeremy; Making a Killing; The Nation; October 15, 2007 issue; September 27, 2007; retrieved on 24.11.2007\r\nKing, Herbert. Middle East Today Vol. IV Plymouth: HBT & amp; Brooks Ltd. 2005\r\nLamb, Davis. Cult to Culture: The Development of culture on the Strategic Strata. Wellington\r\n'

'Supermax Prisons\r'

'Supermax Prisons and Their Adverse effect Introduction Due to increasing crime rank and the extensive belief that reconstructive programs for inmates do non work, a new and harsher method for prison ho physical exercise houses is be utilized. preferably of scattering the worst criminals, they are being amalgamate into Supermax prisons. Supermax prisons are state of the art penitentiaries meant to hold altogether the worst of the worst criminals and inmates that can non be trusted in regular prisons. in that respect are strict regulations and policies to take care inmates’ time for communication, recreation, visiting, religious practices, and education even to a greater extent than regular prisons.More often than non, â€Å"inmates in supermax prisons return 23 hours of every day locked in a slighter cell” (Hickey pg. 160). Supermax prisons work upon the premise that the most ruffianly and dis parliamentary procedurely inmates can be better manoeuvreled â€Å"by separation, restricted movement, and limited access to staff and opposite inmates” (Hickey pg. 167). charm supermax prisons are believed to reduce crime and addition safety, in that respect are questions of whether or not this is real the case. Compare/Contrast CritiqueSupermax prisons are considered effective because they unify the most violent criminals and allow for other(prenominal) prisons to office to a greater extent safely and much conveningly for some(prenominal) staff and inmates. However the inmates cannot just be consolidated and held to the same standards as regular prisons, as was revealed at Marion in 1980 when the â€Å"operation began to show clear signs of the key stresses of apply this quasi-normal scheme to deal with such in-your-face offenders” (Hickey pg. 164). In response, a new and more innovative facility was created to cater to the high- security measures wishings of a prison with extremely dangerous inmates.These newer facilities were created to â€Å"control the inmate’s behavior until they demonstrate that they can be travel tail end to a traditional open-population penitentiary” (Hickey pg. 165). While incarcerated at supermax prisons, the inmates are handcuffed around staff, eat and doing alone, and are kept in their cells for most of the day. As prisoners be work well, they are given more and more privileges until they are deemed safe enough to fork out to regular prisons. Additionally, there is a oftentimes higher staff to inmate ratio than at normal prisons.All operate that are required are available and â€Å" trading operations are consistent with inbuilt requirements related to conditions and limitation” (Hickey pg. 166). After reverting to regular penitentiaries from a supermax prison, 80% of former inmates be fall in well enough that they do not return to the supermax prison. Supermax prisons provide a aim of safety and security for both staff and inm ates that other prisons cannot provide. On the other hand, there is a vague side and harsh reality to supermax prisons besides the patent high costs of maintaining the prisons that are funded by revenue enhancement payers.While supermax prisons claim to uphold the prisoner’s constitutional rights, there are many claims that state otherwise ranging from the denial of medical care to illegal censoring of mailâ€â€Å"prison guards have testified to shackling prisoners to their beds and spraying them with high-pressure fire hoses” (Hickey pg. 169). The placement of inmates at certain levels of security and confinement based upon behavior is arbitrary. The guards admonishmine what is â€Å" not bad(predicate)” and â€Å"bad” behavior, and their resolves could be as menial as â€Å"refusing to make beds or complaining ab show up clog and overflowing toilets” (Hickey pg. 169).Additionally, the amount of control that the inmates are move under (near 24-hour isolation, little to no physical amour between visitors and inmates and highly limited and scheduled outside recreation time) creates an environment that is psychologically debilitating and detrimental to personal and social identities. Rehabilitation is set off and replaced with competition between the inmates for privileges, fostering a aggressive environment. The amount of frustration, deprivation, and despair that inmates endure do not create less violent inmates, but something much more dangerous (at the least, more angry).Fighting violence with more violence is not workingâ€supermax prisons are not reducing crime or safety. Critique of the vie Supermax prisons are a good idea on paper. However, in practice, supermax prisons do not work. In a contrasting example, there are many spends reversive from war. They are recognizeed by family, strangers buy food for them out of gratitude for their service, and there are programs and stake groups that help th em return to normal ways of life. Still, the transition from the life of a soldier in combat back to the noncombatant world is not easy. However, these issues are recognize and regard in many forms of support.On the other hand, for the increasingly outsize amount of criminals who are sent to supermax prisons for breaking the law, the set and actual transition from prison life back to regular baseball club is not widely recognized or respected, with little or no support. There are few credible methods or support groups that truly help previous convicts return to normal life, especially in comparison to a soldier returning from war. Additionally, individuals that are accepted members of society greet the returning convicts with trepidation and suspicion because of the belief â€Å" at one time a thief, always a thief. Consequently, the convict’s return to society and â€Å"normal” life is just about impossible and recommitting criminal acts is expected. While the return of a criminal from prison should not be reward the way a soldier is honored when returning from deployment, a criminal should have corresponding rehabilitative and re-immersion programs and support groups. With the levels of confinement being dictated by arbitrary rules and expectations set in place by guards, inmates behave well only because they want privileges and rewards rather than to actually improve themselves.Using a reward-punishment system does not develop character or help prisoners in their eventual assimilation back into society. When inmates are drop by the waysided from prison, they need to return better than they were before prison or else they will just end up in prison again. In order for this to be accomplished, â€Å"a more holistic view of crime control” inescapably to be set in order and there needs to be more of a focus â€Å"on community and restoration and less on imprisonment” (Hickey pg. 174). The joined States has been using pri sons for centuries instantaneously and imprisonment rates have only increase throughout history.Perhaps the answer to reducing crime is not in the traditional idea of fear of punishment, but the United States seems to be stuck on the idea of using prisons and imprisonment to thwart crime nevertheless. In a perfect world, criminals will be sent to prison, spend their time there wisely, and return to society a changed people. However, in reality, inmates are being released from prison worse off than when they entered the prison. Not seeing or interacting with another human being creates a disconnection from cosmos.For the inmate, being kept totally separated and isolated from everyone, there must inevitably be a virtuoso of anger and resentment towards the system that should be fate them and at the very least be exhibit them how to act properly in society upon their release from prison. Additionally, controlling every aspect of a person’s life is not productive or educatio nal. Learning from mistakes is a part of life, but supermax prisons have nothing to offer in terms of dateing. Since the inmates have clearly made mistakes (they are in prison after all), they should be educated on how to learn and grow from their mistakes. instead, they are just put refine as failures and expected to continue failing. However, as supermax prisons beget more and more popular, rehabilitative programs and the inmate’s humanity are being set deflexion for safer conditions and security. The idea that you have to sacrifice either the humanity of the inmate or the safety of the staff would implicate that the system is severely flawed. There has to be a better way to punish criminals, but to a fault rehabilitate them. Conclusion The current penal system that the United States has is flawed and supermax prisons are simply not as effective as was expected.The traditional use of prisons and imprisonment as a way to deter crime is not (nor has it ever been) actuall y no-hit at reducing crime, but for some reason we keep to the same plan and modify it rather than take a whole new approach. A person who goes to prison should not want or need to commit deviance after leave prisonâ€they should leave a changed person. Society should arrive at to help the person returning from prison similar to the way soldiers are aided upon their return to the United States.Instead, society remains adamant in continuing to punish and then ignore those who commit crimes which in end creates a never ending wheel of deviance. The system for punishing criminals needs to change, but how society views the punishment of criminals needs to change as well. Instead of focusing on revenge and justice, the focus needs to be on rehabilitation and development. Works Cited Hickey, T. (2012). taking sides: Clashing views in crime and criminology. (10th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.\r\n'

'Agriculture and Desertification Essay\r'

'The valet’s dry enters, contrary to popular misconceptions of being barren nonproductive land, contain nearly of the close to valuable and bouncy ecosystems on the planet. These dryland environments draw surprising mixed bag and resiliency, backing everyplace two cardinal race, nigh thirty-five perpenny of the b on the whole-shaped mint (UNEP, 2003). In fact, approximately seventy percent of Africans depend instanter on drylands for their daily livelihood (UNEP, 2003). However, these cute and crucial atomic number 18as argon at a crossroad, endange cerise and threatened by the ruin edge of desertification.\r\nThere atomic number 18 everyplace one hundred definitions for the term ? desertification’, however the most widely used and current definition is as follows: desertification refers to the land debasement in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions collect to benignant being activities and modality variations, often leading to the aeo nian loss of disgrace productivity and the minutening surface of the vegetative coer (UNCCD, 2003). It is important to none that desertification is non the expansion and contraction of deserts or hyper-arid territories, which bring out and decrease twain naturally and cyclically.\r\nFrench ecologist Louis Lavauden prototypical used the term desertification in 1927 and French plant scientist Andre Aubreville, when witnessing the land degradation occurring in North and westbound Africa in 1949 popularized this term (Dregne, 242). The causes of desertification include overgrazing, overcultivation, deforestation and wretched irrigation practices. Climatic variations, oftentimes(prenominal) as changes in mite speed, precipitation and temperature can influence or affix desertification rates, but they ar not catalysts to the process- it is the exploitative actions of universe that trigger desertification (Glantz, 146).\r\nThe most exploited atomic number 18a historically has been Africa. In the Sahel (transition zone betwixt the Sahara and the Savanna) of West Africa during the current of 1968 to 1973, desertification was a main cause of the deaths of over 100,000 people and 12 cardinal cattle, as well as the disruption of social organizations from villages to the matter level (USGS, 1997). As a firmness of purpose of the catastrophic devastation in the Sahel, the coupled Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was held in N descentobi, Kenya in 1977, where an agreement was r to each oneed to wipe out desertification by the year 2000.\r\n patently this goal was not achieved. Countries and organizations, notably in the modify spherely match, relieve oneself been un imparting to provide significant and comfortable financial and scotch aid to countries most wedged by this issue (Mainguet, 2003). Consequently, desertification is out of control, threatening the sustainability of the world’s environment, disrupting soci al structures and well-being, and imp institutionaliseing frugal addition. This crisis reaches beyond the topical anesthetic, directly unnatural communities, impperforming and jeopardizing world stability.\r\nEnvironmentally, desertification reduces the world’s sweet-scented irrigate supply system reserves imputable to pissing over wasting disease and irrigation mis watchfulness, decreases genetic diversity through s embrocate wearing away and plant destruction, and also accelerates the ascorbic acid exchange process by damaging hundred ? sinks’. Socially, desertification causes population teddy as people search for bettor spiritedness conditions, often leading to conflicts and contends. Another social resultant is a dramatic decrease in the world’s food supply referable to the depletion of vital dryland vegetation and a decline in range yields.\r\nDesertification is also linked to a number of health issues such as malnutrition, as clean irrigate and sufficient food resources atomic number 18 exceedingly meager. Economically, income possible is lost because land is vain, and monetary silver are pass ond towards combating desertification, compromising sparing growth and development. Crisis management becomes more important than achieving economic goals. Furthermore, increasing levels of beggary have resulted ascribable to dire economic conditions.\r\nThe world-wide body must devote more time, resources and naught to find effective and long-term solutions that will public assistance not still directly- alter areas, but the world at bigger. The devastating environmental, social and economic ramifications of desertification must be addressed immediately, cooperatively and without hesitation, in advance the window of chance is lost. Desertification has created and encouraged a number of major environmental problems, and has endangered the sustainability of a diverse and clean global environment.\r\n fin ished the use of poor irrigation practices and exploitative human actions for profit, pee has been over consumed and desertification has occurred near areas surrounding fresh water supplies, reducing or depleting these reserves. In the desertification process, the shorelines and the aquatic land and dishonor becomes eroded, salinized and degraded. Thus, feeder rivers decline in quantity and supply, river flow rates decrease and finally freshwater reserves are polluted and/or reduced. The reduction of river flow rates and\r\nthe lowering of groundwater levels leads to the â€Å"silting up of estuaries, the encroachment of salt water into water tables, and the befoulment of water by suspended particles and salination” (FAO, 2003). These problems are in particular intelligible in the Aral ocean in Asia, which at one point was the fourth largest lake in the world (Aral sea Homepage, 2002). During the Soviet era in the 1960’s and 1970’s, the communist central planners had little regard for water conservation, and over consumed this resource.\r\nIn pasture to meet the consider for agricultural irrigation the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) â€Å" turn water from rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea” (Pacific Island Travel: Desertification, 1999). These exploitative actions dropped water levels by one-third because feeder rivers could no overnight replenish the large lake, as illustrated in appendix 1 (Pacific Island Travel: Desertification, 1999). Not only has the shorelines of the Aral Sea declined, but Lake Chad in Africa has followed a similar fate.\r\nDesertification in the Lake Chad region has dropped water levels far below the mean(a) dry season amount of â€Å"10,000 square kilometers to only 839 square kilometers” (Earth Crash Earth Spirit, 2001). The reduction of water levels in Lake Chad and the Aral Sea decreases their ability to moderate the topical anaesthetic climate, resulting in more extreme variations in temperature and precipitation. Therefore, local ecosystems are disrupted and even destroyed, as the climate becomes more continental in nature, and vital water supplies are scarce or depleted.\r\nDesertification reduces the biodiversity and genetic diversity of dryland ecosystems, impairing the sustainability of plants, animals and even humans in these regions. As a consequence of desertification, the soil of arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas becomes eroded, resulting in unproductive and literally useless land. This disrupts the habitats and food sources for many organisms, get along sustainable life in these areas very rough (FAO, 2003). Furthermore, because of freshwater and food scarcity, the life expectancy and effective existence for many species is threatened.\r\nThis grave consequence was evident in the western African country of Mauritania, where the desertification process, from 1970 to 1980, â€Å"killed approximately 15,000 people and over 500,000 various plants and animals were eradicated” (CIESIN, 2003). Unfortunately, as the naughtiness of desertification escalates in countries like Mauritania, it becomes extremely difficult to prolong biologically diverse ecosystems require to support the lives of plants, animals and humans.\r\nThrough the ecological destruction and imbalance caused by desertification, the carbon exchange process is accelerated. Dryland vegetation and soil are crucial storage devices for carbon, and contain â€Å"practically half(a) the total quantity of carbon” (FAO, 2003). Once these elements thin out or become unproductive due to desertification, carbon is released into the atmosphere. It is estimated that for every hectare of dryland vegetation or soil that is depleted or unusable, 30 tonnes of carbon is no longer stored and is released into the atmosphere (FAO, 2003).\r\nThis elevation of atmospheric carbon contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Desertification als o has major social consequences, disrupting the social fabric and standard of nutrition for many traditional and Native peoples. On a global level, it threatens the stability and health of a growth population. In the desertification process land is degraded, making it extremely difficult to maintain a successful go and livelihood. Consequently, individuals are forced to relocate to areas with more habitable conditions and stronger economic opportunities.\r\nThis population displacement is evident in the migration of Mexicans to the join States: â€Å"Some 70 percent of all land in Mexico is vulnerable to desertification, one drive why some 900,000 Mexicans leave home each year in search of a better life as migrant workers in the United States” (Environment countersign Service, 2003). However, in the developing countries of Africa and Asia, impoverished individuals have no option but to become refugees, abandoning their old livelihoods and simply struggling for surviva l.\r\nUnited Nations escritoire Kofi Annan declared that in sub-Saharan Africa, â€Å"the number of environmental refugees [refugees due to environmental issues like desertification] is expected to rise to 25 million in the following 20 years. ” (Environment sweets Service, 2003). These refugee movements and population displacement have often caused policy-making and social unrest, and even wars. As a result of desertification, countries fight for control of the scarce natural resources, since anterior deposits are depleted or unusable (UNCCD, 2003). The strong, overconfident correlation coefficient between desertification and armed conflict is illustrated in addition 2.\r\nThe population displacement, refugee movements and relationship to wars make desertification devastating to the social security of individuals in affected regions. Desertification has caused a crisis in the world’s food supply, creating concern over the sustainability of an increasing populat ion. Dryland areas are home to some of the most important crops and â€Å"genetic strains of cultivated plants which have the basis of the food and health of the world’s population” (FAO, 2003). Some of these products include cereal crops, oil seeds, grain legumes and root crops.\r\nIn drylands affected by desertification, land that was once agriculturally viable can no longer be used, as it is essentially a wasteland. Even if agriculture is feasible, the nutrient poor soil makes it extremely difficult to grow a large quantity of a certain crop. This has crippled the food supply, at a time when its sustainability is already in question. check to the United Nations: â€Å"a nutritionally tolerable diet for the world’s exploitation population implies tripling food production over the next 50 years under favourable conditions.\r\nIf desertification is not stopped and reversed, food yields in many affected areas will decline” (UNCCD, 2003). Thus, desertif ication creates uncertainty as to the adequateness of the world’s food production, endangering the supportability of a growing population. There is a strong, positive correlation between desertification and serious health concerns and diseases. The increasing rate of desertified areas has created a crisis in the world’s food and water supplies.\r\nAs a result, food and water are extremely scarce, and â€Å"malnutrition, starvation and ultimately famine will result from desertification” (UNCCD, 2003). This has prompted concern and anxiety within the gentlemans gentleman Health Organization stating, â€Å"we [the WHO] is becoming increasingly disquieted with the consequences of desertification, such as malnutrition and famine” (WHO Denmark, 2003). Desertification is also indirectly linked to many severe epidemics, notably in Africa. The drying of water sources due to desertification forces people to use intemperately polluted water, leading to disastrous health problems.\r\n fit to the World Health Organization, â€Å"desertification and droughts can increase water- relate diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A and diarrhoeal diseases” (WHO Denmark, 2003). Recent inquiry and studies have also suggested that malaria incidences have escalated significantly in desertified areas. The strong, positive correlation between malaria and desertification is depicted in appendix 3. Furthermore, soil erosion and land degradation has resulted in the creation of dust storms and poor air quality.\r\nThis has had a very negative toll on human health and â€Å"results in mental stress, warmheartedness infections, respiratory illnesses and allergies” (UNCCD, 2003). Therefore, desertification is strongly associated with dust storms, poor air quality, malnutrition, famine, and epidemics, all of which are enormously hazardous to human health. In an attempt to combat and rehabilitate desertified land, precious economic funds are r equired and exhausted. Consequently, resources are drained, resulting in the weakening of local economies and the compromising of national development goals.\r\nAs the desertification process continues, attention and specie is spent on crisis management, not on growth and development. Due to the depletion of natural resources, desertification contributes to decreased income levels and productivity losses. This is specifically true in agricultural regions and severely stunts economic growth. The worldwide court of desertification, expressed as income asleep(p) amounts to approximately $11 billion for irrigated land, $8 billion for rainfed cropland, and $23 billion for rangeland, for a total constitute of $42 billion (CIESIN, 2003).\r\nThis value may not seem astronomical for developed countries like Canada, Britain and the United States, but for nations in the developing world, these figures are devastating. According to an unpublished World Bank study, â€Å"the depletion of na tural resources causing income loss in one Sahelian country was analogous to 20% of its Gross Domestic Product” (UNCCD, 2003). Desertification has so crippled present earnings as well as income authorization in the future day, hurting not only individuals but also entire economies.\r\nIn an effort to improve future conditions, developing countries devote significant amounts of their limited monetary resources to combating and rehabilitating land affected by desertification, severely impeding their economic growth. solid ground rehabilitation costs are those incurred for stopping moreover degradation and to restore the land to something border oning its headmaster condition. Unfortunately, this requires a significant amount of investment that could have been used for economic development, as opposed to righteous repairing land.\r\nOn a per hectare basis, it is estimated that â€Å"a cost of $2,000 is needed to improve irrigated land, $400 for rainfed cropland, and $40 for rangeland” (CIESIN, 2003). To people animated in the developing world, these costs consume much, if not all of their incomes, obviously crippling their careers and livelihoods. Although there is the potential to repair and rehabilitate almost all land affected by desertification only â€Å"52 per cent (1,860 million hectares) can pay back the cost of rehabilitation” (CIESIN, 2003).\r\nThus, many farmers and individuals reclaim land, but because of large overriding costs, they actually lose money as productivity remains stagnant. Therefore, limited monetary funds are spent towards crisis management, sacrificing national development and economic growth. Desertification is directly linked to the muss poverty occurring in the developing world. Individuals consistently endure an impoverished lifestyle because income potential is foregone, and resources are devoted towards rehabilitation, therefore scarce economic funds are depleted.\r\nUnited Nations Secretary Kofi Anna states: â€Å"Because the poor often farm degraded land, desertification is both a cause and consequence to poverty? flake desertification must be an integral part of our wider efforts to eradicate poverty” (Environment News Service, 2003). If the desertification process continues to grow exponentially, mass poverty will also increase both in size and in severity. Thus, in order to address poverty, desertification must be contained and controlled. Currently, desertification affects over 250 million people and a third of the earth’s land surface (4 billion hectares) (UNCCD, 2003).\r\nIn addition, the livelihoods of over one billion people in over 100 countries are indirectly threatened (UNCCD, 2003), as shown in the map in Appendix 4. It is estimated that in the next 50 years, another billion people will fall victim to the wrath of desertification and its related environmental, social, and economic ramifications (CIESIN, 2003). The depletion and contamination of fresh water sources, the reduction in biodiversity, and the acceleration of the carbon cycle make desertification devastating to the sustainability of the environment.\r\nSocially, desertification forces people to migrate which may ultimately lead to wars or conflicts, creates a major disaster for the world’s food supply, and is scientifically correlate to major health concerns, even epidemics such as malaria. The economic status of developing countries impacted by the desertification process is jeopardized as high levels of income are foregone, and resources are devoted towards rehabilitation, not towards growth and development. Furthermore, poverty in African and Asian nations has grown exponentially due to this process, creating humanitarian and economic crises.\r\nThe world’s future is at stake, and it is imperative that the global community acts now. Desertification is a preventable process, but requires a coordinated approach involving effort from the local, na tional and global communities. Local and national governments must practice methods of soil and water conservation, and lend oneself traditional agricultural systems that support positive environmental strategies. The industrialized world must supply the economic and technological aid necessary for these conservation techniques (UNCCD, 2003).\r\n ball-shaped Positioning System (GPS) satellite technology is a modern technique that can be in effect used in combating desertification. GPS satellites can actually boom and locate areas vulnerable or prone to desertification, acting as excellent early warning signs. This allows governments to implement various techniques and policies to prevent damage done by desertification. As former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt express in a letter to governors on February 26, 1937, â€Å"a nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself” (Dingle, 2003). The battle to combat desertification is a war that can be lost, but must be won.\r\nNow is the time to win the fight before this glimmer of hope disappears. Appendix 1: Time-Series Photos of the Aral Sea seminal fluid: Aral Sea Homepage, 2002 These pictures were taken using LANDSAT TM satellite technology. The reddish shade represents the vegetation near the Aral Sea. The northern part of the image is the shoreline of the sea. Notice how in 1979 the shoreline is quite large, while in 1989 it is non-existent, illustrating the decreasing water levels. What is also striking is the white shade on the satellite photo from 1989. This represents an artificial saltpan, caused by desertification and desiccation.\r\nAppendix 2: World map out of Armed Conflicts and Desertification computer address: CIESIN, 2003 Most of the armed conflicts occurring from 1989-97 are in highly desertified areas. Thus, there is a strong positive correlation between desertification and armed conflict. Appendix 3: Map of Desertification Vulnerability and Malaria Risk in Africa For bot h maps, red represents the highest severity, followed by orange, yellow, green and lastly white. In desertified areas, much of the population is at risk of malaria, thus there is a strong, positive correlation between desertification and malaria.\r\nAppendix 4: World Map of Desertification Vulnerability Source: CIESIN, 2003 Works Cited Aral Sea Homepage. â€Å"Aral Sea Region: Kyzylorda Oblast, Kazakhstan. ” 2002. . CIESIN: focalise for Earth Science Information Network. â€Å"Global Desertification Dimensions and Costs. ” 29 July 2003. . DEWA: Divisions of Warning and Assessment, United Nations. â€Å"Desertification and Drought Identification. ” 2002. . Dingle, Carol, et al. â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt Quotations. ” 2003. . Dregne, H. E. , et al. Desertification of Arid Lands. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1983.\r\n'