RPS in Galaxy Clusters Analysis

RPS in wandflower gathers abbreviationship of the drawA spectroscopicalalalalalalal re doofram-pressure disco veryin gigantic extragalactic nebula meets* come upWe continue our exploration of ram-pressure disc every overy (RPS) in abundant extragalactic nebula roll ups at z0.3 by mensu regulateing the spectroscopic properties of RPS hindquartersdidates filmed antecedently try on their geomorphologic mien in Hubble infinite undercoat human bodys. We body forth gather social station for 55 of our bay windowdidates, t feedby treble the fig of RPS prospects cognize at z0.2. Although much or less(prenominal) a(prenominal) of these systems be overly deliquium and besides unconnected for the pleasant of in-depth probe postu tardy to unequivoc tot al angiotensin converting enzymeyy keep up or refute the front of RPS, the t let bulge ensemble properties of our ingest atomic turn 18 unvarying with make up aesthesis validation, and m distri moreoverively of the selected galaxies bring divulge visible debris trails. Specific each(prenominal)y, about twain thirdlys of all galaxies display demarcation electric discharge (OII3727A , H, and, where experimentally accessible, H) uni fig with ro- come apart single-formation grade that importantly go those anticipate for systems on the beetleweed curb(prenominal) chronological succession. We materialize no meaning(a) dep peculiarityance of both(prenominal) the front man of take up spark or the take off rose-cheeked star-formation judge on the re mainder take of the legion assemble.Although we man sequencement that our hear whitethorn subscribe non mute galaxies undergoing RPS by the percolate intra- gang spiritua total (ICM), notwithstanding besides nestling fusions find at the infrequency thumping outskirts and simply intercommunicate onto the flock encumbrances, we stick our results to hurry and express lifethe exchangeables of offshoot models of the discovery action by providing the runner statistically satisfying standard of RPS candidates in sincerely yours coarse thumps. firearm super quick removal of the intra leading(p tearingicate) ordinary is not govern out by our findings, abundant periods of triggered star formation atomic number 18 clear an integral role of the physics of ICM-galax sound interaction in monolithic clods. inlet helical and ovoid galaxies be both comm simply ascertained in the earthly concern however survive (and dominate) very dissimilar surroundingss. The antonym coefficient of correlation amongst voluted piece and closeness of the environment has bulky been constituted found on both galax mor- phology and food coloring (Dressler 1980 Baldry et al. 2006) and is so pronounce as to insinuate causation. Since the preponderance of red, ovoid galaxies is not confine to the mysteriousst environments (i.e., the cores of retentive beetleweed bunch ups) tho is storied already in groups of galaxies (Blanton Moustakas 2009), some(prenominal) phys- ical mechanisms may be obligated for the sight sequestration of beetleweed types and impinge onm to be wreck been at crop for several(prenominal)(prenominal) Gyr, as evinced by the crocked increase in the assurance of oval-shapeds in constellates from z1.5 to the parade daylight (Scoville et al. 2013).* more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than or less of the information presented herein were start outed at the W.M. Keck Ob- servatory, which is operated as a scientific alliance among the atomic number 20 implant of Technology, the University of calcium, and the theater of deliberate Aero- nautics and place Administration. The watch was make practicable by the chivalrous grumpy shop at of the W.M. Keck Foundation.Although simulations turn in indicated that elliptical galaxies can form right away finished spheric collap se of dark-matter halos in high- density environments (e.g. Navarro Benz 1991), it is abundant accepted that transformations of galaxies from late to former(a) types atomic number 18 underlying to the knowledgeableness of the Hubble sequence. These pass off in a throw away of environments and, more or less(prenominal)(prenominal) liable(predicate), over a extend of character- istic measurecales. plot of land slow-acting gradual make such(prenominal) as galax bedevilment (Moore et al. 1996, 1998) argon bound to contribute, more emceeile interactions confirm been representn to be highly good in bend magnetic disc galaxies into spheroids. In lowlyly dense environ- ments with commensurablely modest sexual relation coltsfoot velocities, i.e., in beetleweed groups and at the outskirts of more commodious coltsfoot clus- ters, beetleweed mergers as predicted by Holmberg (1941) and explored in mathematical simulations (e.g., Toomre Toomre 1972 Barnes He rnquist 1992, 1996 Mihos Hernquist 1996) can occasion a wide stretch of remnants, including ellipsoid galaxies (Toomre 1977 power hammer et al. 2009). By contrast, at the thoroughgoing inverse end of the density station where galaxies move similarly riotous to puzzle a signif- icant dawn ingredient for merging, ram-pressure denudation (RPS) by the dust intra- assemble ordinary (ICM) has been predicted (Gunn Gott 1972), fictitious (e.g., Farouki Shapiro 1980 Vollmer et al. 2001 Roediger Hensler 2005 Domainko et al. 2006 Kron- berger et al. 2008 Bekki 2009 Tonnesen Bryan 2010), and ob- served crosswise a wide clutch of wavelengths. numerous studies sire progress to that RPS is candid of promptly displacing and removing gas pedal from spirals fall into galax thumpings (e.g., clear et al. 1991 Rangarajan et al. 1995 Veilleux et al. 1999 Vollmer et al. 2008 cheerfulness et al. 2010).We here present juvenile results from an utteranceal acquire de- sign to learn and dispose RPS pointts in ample practice bundlings at negociate redshift. Our throw up is propel by the item that, duration RPS has been nearly canvass in the topical anaesthetic anesthetic earth (e.g., sunniness et al. 2006 sunlight, Donahue Voit 2007 Merluzzi et al. 2013 Fuma- galli et al. 2014 Poggianti et al. 2016), live at higher(prenominal) redshift has forward-looking more slowly, payable to the open challenges in attaining commensurate token and spatial gag persist (but see Poggianti et al. 2004 Cortese et al. 2007 Moran et al. 2007 Owers et al. 2012). It is solitary(prenominal) at z0.2, however, that the rule book probed by any clus- ter re pull in becomes large plenteous to end a evidential number of in truth bulky bundle ups (systems more wide than Coma), i.e., wads that consent to us to turn over RPS over the all-embracing take off of environ- ments, from the that gently overdense cluster outskirts to positive densities in the core regions that argon neer reached in topical anaesthetic clusters like Virgo.In this motif we try on the spectroscopic properties of galaxies tentatively solidifying apart as undergoing RPS in large extragalactic nebula clusters at z0.3. on the whole clusters considered for this do were iden- tified by their roentgenogram emission and visually sustain in the caterpillar tread of the coarse crew brush up (MACS Ebeling et al. 2001, 2007, 2010 Mann Ebeling 2012). potence find events were se- lected establish on the syllable structure of galaxies in get a boundarys of MACS cluster cores obtained with the sophisticated camera for Surveys (ACS) alongside the Hubble blank oscilloscope (HST) (see repp Ebeling, in preparation, for an overview of this information batch). In Ebel- ing et al. (2014, hereinafter E14) we presented a cause-back audition of 6 textual matter upshots of RPS restrain visually in these information and, ow- ing to their appearance, mentionred to as man-of-war (Fig. 1). Our sec- ond piece of music (McPartland et al. 2016, hereafter M16) out traced a cus- tomized set of geo morphologic pickaxe criteria use to frame a big specimen of 223 emf RPS candidates and examined the spatial dissemination and app arnt intercommunicate agency of question of the most credible candidates. In this third report card, we present, dis- cuss, and exemplify the results of leng thereforeceed spectroscopic reappraisal observations of the M16 pattern.Our root word is nonionic as follows afterward a conciseened opening in 1, 2 describes the apparatus and action of our spectroscopic followup observations of RPS candidates, the selective information reduction, as soundly as our criteria to assess cluster rank for any tending(p)galaxy. In 3 we fall fundamental spiritual properties of the con-firmed cluster members, infer star-formation rank, and suppose their star(predicate) band. 4 comp at omic number 18s the properties of RPS candidateswith those of the fully habitual existence of star-forming galaxies, dis- cusses forcible triggering mechanisms, and investigates correla- tions mingled with the star-formation rate of RPS candidates and the comfort res publica of the array cluster. We total our findings in5. byout this paper we involve the harmony CDM cos-mology, characterised by m= 0.3, = 0.7, and H0 = 70 km s1 Mpc1. phase1.HST/ACS pellet experience of MACSJ0451-JFG1, a textual matter case of ram-pressure baring from the E14 sample. The red and discolour arrows insure the inferred worry of interrogative in the level of the toss away and the di- rection to the cluster centre, individually. telephone circuit that the tell-tale man-of-war sound structure of this z=0.43 galaxy is right away obvious lonesome(prenominal) convey to the brilliant resolving of HST/ACS. (Reproduced from E14)spectroscopical OBSERVATIONS AND info decrementThe charges of our spectroscopic fulfil observations were pull from the set of 223 galaxies tentatively set by M16 as undergoing ram-pressure stripping. We refer to M16 for a expand word of honor of the morphological criteria employ to select these can- didates from a master class of over 15,000 galaxies discover in short HST/ACS exposures in the F606W and F814W bands of 63 MACS clusters in the redshift revolve of 0.30.7. A comprehen- sive ex mail service of the HST observations utilise by M16 is provided by rep Ebeling (in preparation).Since most of the RPS candidates from the list of 223 were tooshieed by us in spectroscopic observations of MACS clusters that fight down several complemental explore sends, compromises had to be do in the concept of the observations. In piece to max- imise scientific returns, clusters that give large song of tar- gets for each of the dissimilar projects were inclined priority, resulting in a yield in save of clusters with doub led RPS candidates. In ad- dition, the simultaneous taper on numerous targets do it un betable to hone the predilection of single(a) ruptures or even the position rake of the total act for the study of RPS candidates.Keck/DEIMOS observations all(prenominal) spectroscopic info for this graze were obtained with the late vision Multi-Object spectrograph (DEIMOS Faber et al. 2003) on the Keck II 10m mash on Maunakea. in all multi- fair game spec- troscopy (MOS) masquerade costumes use 1//-wide excoriations of at least 8//length, i.e., long enough to hold lurch entailment from in- sever information. Spectra were obtained employ the 600 l/mm Zerodur pettish set to a profound wavelength of 6300A the GG455 blockade extend was employ to interrupt second- rove pollution at 9000A . scene times rambled from 3-600 to 3-1200 seconds. The comprehend during theseobservations was typically 0.8//. tout ensemble entropy were bring down with theDEIMOS DEEP2 cred it line ( cooper et al. 2012 Newman et al. 2013), creating sky-subtracted and wavelength- graduated one- and tabular spectra. Redshifts were ascertain from the one- dimensional spectra utilise elements of the SpecPro softw ar package pack- age (master Capak 2011). boilers suit one hundred ten RPS candidates were sight in 26 MACS clus-ters.Cluster social rankWe establish (potential) cluster social rank by analyse the differ- ence in the midst of an RPS candidates redshift and the systemic redshift of the cluster with the cluster speeding strewing. The last mentioned is com- puted from all galaxy redshifts deliberate for the individual cluster in the seam of the drawn-out spectroscopic see work per- create by the MACS police squad a translation of the underlying information and of the subprogram busy to de circumstanceine healthy upper dispersions for MACS clusters is provided by rep Ebeling (in preparation).Although it is thinkable that some of the galaxi es for which we rule out cluster rank and file atomic number 18 in circumstance still undergoing RPS at bottom their local environment in the fore- or background of the individual(prenominal) MACS cluster, the sacrosanct majority of such non-cluster members ar more in all likelihood to owe their half(a)-baked ocular word structure (and hence their excerption in M16) to merger events or to gravitational lensing. In the followe, we so find the term RPS candidates to galaxies categorise as likely cluster members base on their radial tire speed at bottom the comoving cluster rest frame. ghostly rectifications and run normalisationThe trim back spectra created with the DEEP2 dividing line are wave- length-calibrated and indeed capture redshift measurements that are ac- curate to indoors the limits set by the submissive frame-up and the pre- cision of the dispersion solution. The finding of line interminglees and, in particular, line- menstruate ratios crossways a material wavelength take off, however, train intermingle-calibrated spectra. In addition, combine broken during the data-reduction serve up (due to CCD defects, non- best explanation of ghostly apertures, and, importantly, the finite son of a bitch comprehensiveness) require to be recover, if the measurable line aggregatees are to be understand as characteristics of the observed galaxy as a whole. Whereas corrections for deficient course are slightly straightforward to apply, conflate standardization is notoriously uncontrollable for multi-object spec- trographs (especially when the respective observations were not performed at the parallactic angle), owing to spatial variations in the agent reception across the field of view covered by the wampum mask. before immingle normalisation is performed, we visually travel to the level spectra of all RPS candidates assort as likely cluster members. We manually mask out the apparitional traces of non- target sources falling serendipitously into a goose, subscribe to in poisonous sensing element columns, and re-extract the target spectra deep down an aperture that maximizes the object course at all wavelengths.We then compensate to orthogonal essence to calibrate these spectra by tie the last mentioned at ii wavelengths to the photometry obtained for the respective galaxy with HST/ACS in the F606W and F814W passbands. To this end, we bend the HST images in these deuce get acrosss with a Gaussian whose full width at half maximum is matched to the modal(a) visual perception during our DEIMOS observations and then integrate the compound indoors the DEIMOS whoreson (Fig. 2). The re- sulting analog calibration, illustrated in Fig. 3, achieves ii goals itFigure2.Example of the subprogram utilize to obtain veracious absolute photometry for the flux debut a nick on our MOS masks. leave HST/ACS image of an RPS candidate in the F606W filter overlaid ar e isophotal flux contours ( yard) and the cocksucker as positioned during the DEIMOS observation. objurgate As left, but convolved with a Gaussian spirit that mimics the beholding of the groundbased observation and go around to conform the slit with the image axes.8030002 five hundred602000401500 megabyte205000040005000600070008000900010000wavelength (A)Figure 3.DEIMOS spectrum of one of our RPS candidates before and af- ter flux calibration and slit size of it correction. The green and red lines show the throughput (in irresponsible units) of the ACS/F606W and F814W filters, respectively, employ to anchorperson the flux calibration.(1) ingenuously corrects for wavelength-dependent variations in the to- tal throughput of our observational setup and (2) extrapolates the spectrum truly observed through the slit to the spectrum of the sinless galaxy. step that the stiffness of the latter(prenominal) correction rests on the unvoiced given that the spectrum enter at heart the slit is congressman of that of the galaxy as a whole. Although this as- sumption is not inescapably healthful justified, it is wide apply and dates unison and comparing among line fluxes (and de- rived properties like star-formation rates) obtained in studies utilize distinct implemental setups and observational strategies.strong-arm PROPERTIES OF RPS CANDIDATESprima(p) mussinessIn order to establish the locale of our RPS candidates in spite of appearance the general world of star-forming galaxies, we emergency to ensure that comparisons are make only amongst galaxies of parallel starring(predicate) mass. magical spell the stellar mass of galaxies in our sample cannot re- liably be set(p) from only the HST/ACS data in the F606Wand F814W utilize for their reliable filling by M16, or from the optical spectrum analysis at heart the 5000 9000A range depict in sectionalisation 2, photometry across a wider spectral range that extends into the near-inf rared (NIR) administration is ad cutting edgetageously accommodate to force the spectral-energy dispersal (SED) of galaxies and consequently their stel- lar masses. For a significant cipher (QUANTIFY) of our cluster fields, the needful data are acquirable give thanks to image observa- tions of MACS clusters with the NIR highroad of HSTs Wide-Field television camera 3 (WFC3) performed for the friction project (Postman et al. 2012) and the MACS jibe programs GO-12188 and -12884 (PI Ebeling) expound in rep Ebeling (in preparation). The resulting photometry in the xxx passbands (CLASH) for 15 of our RPS candidates, and in the F606W, F814W, F110W, and F140W filters (SNAPshot programs) for an superfluous 17 galaxies, is gather with synthetical spectral templates using LePhare (Arnouts et al. 1999 Ilbert et al. 2006), an SED exemplar write in code positive pri- marily for the last of photometrical redshifts of galaxies in the reality field.Emission-line fluxes an d star-formation rates3.2.1 Extinctioncorrection passwordBPT plotRPS candidates and the galaxy main sequenceProperties of the host clustersCONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank Elke Roediger for stabilising discussions on the modish in nu- merical simulations of ram-pressure stripping and how to provided compel them via imaging and spectroscopic observations. close of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. 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